INTRODUCTION
The growing energy demand worldwide on the one hand and the
emerging ecological awareness on the other are leading to an increased demand
for regenerative energy. As a continuously available base-load energy supply
option, hydropower is significant regenerative energy source.
Studies to determine new locations for hydropower plants have
explored innovative avenues, with due consideration of ecological and
economic aspects. There is, however, a strong need for updating the methods for
determining establishing and as far as predictable, future developments. The
hydropower plants that are currently being realized or about to be realized are
predominantly based on old studies, with economic data (investment costs and
revenue) having been updated, but without addressing the general actual issue in
view of energy demand, ecology and globalization.
Water is the most abundant resource in the world, it is important to
utilize the power of flowing water. The most efficient way to harness the power
of water is to collect the potential energy. This is done by damming up a body
of flowing water. A dam is an object that restricts the flow of water. In today’s
hydroelectric dams, the restricted water is diverted to a turbine using a penstock
and exits the turbine through the tailrace.
DESIGN ASSUMPTIONS AND PARAMETERS:
Assumptions:
Detailed geological and topographical investigations carried out by
the Department of Mines and Geology to determine the best site for the dam,
pressure shaft alignment, power house location, etc., can be used for
implementing this design.
Parameters:
Input data consist of site specific data (discharge, water yield,
generation head, evaporation rate, seepage rate etc.), technical data (efficiency
of turbine and generator, and dependability norm for storage capacity, load
factor, etc.) and economic data (civil construction costs for various types and
heights of dam, cost of electrical machinery of various capacities,
environmental costs, rehabilitation costs, etc.).
Decision variables:
The decision variables determine the optimum storage capacity,
installed generation capacity and seasonal power drafts; net energy availability
in the region (objective function) needs to be maximized subject to seasonal
hydrological constraints, and costs and submergence area are to be minimized.
HYDRO POWER
Head is defined as the difference in elevation between two
particular cross sections of the river. Making a head useful for hydropower use
needs a concentration by means of hydropower impoundment, diversion or tail
water lowering. At the point of concentration the powerhouse is situated.
The conversion of the energy potential of the river into electricity
requires a turbine (potential and kinetic energy into mechanical energy)
[rotation] and a generator [rotation into electrical energy]. The output of a
hydropower plant is given in terms of power [kW] and electricity production
[kWh].
Following an equation which computes monthly hydropower
production as a function of volume of water discharged (Q), gross head of this
water (H) and efficiency of the couple turbine generator ®, between 0.7 and
0.85).
HOW HYDROPOWER WORKS?
Hydropower converts the energy in flowing water into electricity.
The quantity of electricity generated is determined by the volume of water flow
and the amount of "head" (the height from turbines in the power plant to the
water surface) created by the dam. The greater the flow and head, the more
electricity produced. A typical hydropower plant includes a dam, reservoir,
penstocks (pipes), a powerhouse and an electrical power substation.
The dam stores water and creates the head; penstocks carry water
from the reservoir to turbines inside the powerhouse; the water rotates the
turbines, which drive generators that produce electricity. The electricity is then
transmitted to a substation where transformers increase voltage to allow
transmission to homes, businesses and factories.
The growing energy demand worldwide on the one hand and the
emerging ecological awareness on the other are leading to an increased demand
for regenerative energy. As a continuously available base-load energy supply
option, hydropower is significant regenerative energy source.
Studies to determine new locations for hydropower plants have
explored innovative avenues, with due consideration of ecological and
economic aspects. There is, however, a strong need for updating the methods for
determining establishing and as far as predictable, future developments. The
hydropower plants that are currently being realized or about to be realized are
predominantly based on old studies, with economic data (investment costs and
revenue) having been updated, but without addressing the general actual issue in
view of energy demand, ecology and globalization.
Water is the most abundant resource in the world, it is important to
utilize the power of flowing water. The most efficient way to harness the power
of water is to collect the potential energy. This is done by damming up a body
of flowing water. A dam is an object that restricts the flow of water. In today’s
hydroelectric dams, the restricted water is diverted to a turbine using a penstock
and exits the turbine through the tailrace.
DESIGN ASSUMPTIONS AND PARAMETERS:
Assumptions:
Detailed geological and topographical investigations carried out by
the Department of Mines and Geology to determine the best site for the dam,
pressure shaft alignment, power house location, etc., can be used for
implementing this design.
Parameters:
Input data consist of site specific data (discharge, water yield,
generation head, evaporation rate, seepage rate etc.), technical data (efficiency
of turbine and generator, and dependability norm for storage capacity, load
factor, etc.) and economic data (civil construction costs for various types and
heights of dam, cost of electrical machinery of various capacities,
environmental costs, rehabilitation costs, etc.).
Decision variables:
The decision variables determine the optimum storage capacity,
installed generation capacity and seasonal power drafts; net energy availability
in the region (objective function) needs to be maximized subject to seasonal
hydrological constraints, and costs and submergence area are to be minimized.
HYDRO POWER
Head is defined as the difference in elevation between two
particular cross sections of the river. Making a head useful for hydropower use
needs a concentration by means of hydropower impoundment, diversion or tail
water lowering. At the point of concentration the powerhouse is situated.
The conversion of the energy potential of the river into electricity
requires a turbine (potential and kinetic energy into mechanical energy)
[rotation] and a generator [rotation into electrical energy]. The output of a
hydropower plant is given in terms of power [kW] and electricity production
[kWh].
Following an equation which computes monthly hydropower
production as a function of volume of water discharged (Q), gross head of this
water (H) and efficiency of the couple turbine generator ®, between 0.7 and
0.85).
HOW HYDROPOWER WORKS?
Hydropower converts the energy in flowing water into electricity.
The quantity of electricity generated is determined by the volume of water flow
and the amount of "head" (the height from turbines in the power plant to the
water surface) created by the dam. The greater the flow and head, the more
electricity produced. A typical hydropower plant includes a dam, reservoir,
penstocks (pipes), a powerhouse and an electrical power substation.
The dam stores water and creates the head; penstocks carry water
from the reservoir to turbines inside the powerhouse; the water rotates the
turbines, which drive generators that produce electricity. The electricity is then
transmitted to a substation where transformers increase voltage to allow
transmission to homes, businesses and factories.
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